The 555 timer integrated circuit (IC) is a versatile oscillator and general-purpose pulse source. Its dedicated control voltage input lets you use the 555 as a voltage-to-frequency converter. In this application, you configure the 555 as an oscillator (astable mode) and vary a voltage at the control input. This will change the frequency by +/- 25 percent around a center frequency ranging from minutes per cycle to 500 kilohertz. The 555 has good linearity of frequency control in this range.
1
Examine the 555's data sheet. In particular, look for application circuits that use the 555 as a free-running oscillator.
2
Determine the starting or nominal frequency at which you want the 555 to run. This is the frequency the 555 will produce with no control voltage. Frequency is determined by a timing network of two resistors and a capacitor.
You can calculate the frequency by the following formula:
f = 1.44 / (Ra + 2Rb) * C
Where f is the frequency converter in cycles per second, Ra and Rb are the ohm values of the two resistors in the timing network, and C is the timing capacitor value in farads.
3
Build a 555-based oscillator on the breadboard using the timing network calculated in step 2 and powered by the 10-volt DC supply. Use the application notes as a guide for connecting external parts and power to the 555. Connect a frequency counter's signal ground to the 555's power supply ground and the counter's signal input to the 555's output at pin 3. With the 555 circuit powered on, the counter should display a steady frequency.
4
Connect the variable DC supply's ground to the 10V supply ground. Set the variable supply to 5 volts and connect it to pin 5 of the 555. On the frequency counter, observe the effect varying the voltage between 5 and 9 volts has on the 555's frequency.
2012年4月19日星期四
Lighting Science Group
SATELLITE BEACH, Fla., April 17, 2012 /PRNewswire via COMTEX/ -- Lighting Science Group LSCG +2.86% , the world's premier LED lighting manufacturer, announced today the production launch of a revolutionary high output 8-watt LED MR16 bulb that is a direct replacement for traditional MR16 50-watt Halogen bulbs. Suited to a variety of applications that require directional lighting--such as track lighting, recessed ceiling lights, desk lamps, pendant fixtures and retail display lighting--the DEFINITY(TM) MR16 HO LED bulb will be the first of its kind introduced to the marketplace, and considered the best of its breed when evaluated by metrics of efficiency, lumen output and form factor.
The degree of difficulty involved in managing the MR16's d6iscreet size and internal power supply and the intense requirements for brightness of a 50-watt equivalent renders its design and manufacture a complex challenge. Competitive attempts at reaching these high levels of performance have resulted in concessions that have been viewed as unacceptable to the market. No such sacrifice is required with the Definity MR16 HO Series.
At only 8 watts and a 25,000 hour life rating, Lighting Science Group's new DEFINITY(TM) MR16 HO LED light is up to 33% more efficient than competitive products while staying within the industry accepted form factor and not using any moving parts like fans to achieve its superior performance. "A commitment to superior technology underwrites all Lighting Science Group operations; that's why our customers can rest assured that they're offered the most advanced and widest selection of LED lighting products," said Jim Haworth, chairman and chief executive officer of the Company. "We believe that our new MR16 HO, which couples unparalleled efficiency and incredible performance, is a significant advancement in the science of light and another step forward in the development of a more efficient, sustainable and brighter energy future."
The new bulb joins the Company's suite of products that have found applications ranging from use in NASA outer space ventures; to artistic designs that span skyscraper silhouettes; to everyday, practical implementations for American homes and businesses that save families and business owners significant amounts of money on electricity bills. On the global stage, Lighting Science Group has become synonymous with the ultra-efficient lighting revolution, and at home the Company is most commonly viewed as the fulfillment of America's clean technology promise.
To find your nearest sales location for Lighting Science Group's DEFINITY(TM) bulbs, visit: www.lsgc.com .
About Lighting Science Group Lighting Science Group Corporation LSCG +2.86% designs, develops, manufactures and markets LED lighting solutions that are environmentally friendlier and more energy efficient than traditional lighting products. Lighting Science Group offers retrofit LED lamps in form factors that match those of traditional lamps or bulbs and LED luminaires designed for a range of applications including public and private infrastructure for both indoor and outdoor use. Lighting Science Group's Advanced Projects Group business unit designs, develops and manufactures custom LED lighting solutions for architectural and artistic projects. Lighting Science Group is headquartered in Satellite Beach, Florida; the Company's European operations are based in Middelburg, The Netherlands; and the Company has a sales office in Sydney, Australia. Lighting Science Group employs approximately 1000 workers building lighting products from domestic and imported parts. Lighting Science Group is a Pegasus Capital Advisors portfolio company. More information about Lighting Science Group is available at www.lsgc.com .
Forward Looking Statement. Certain statements in this press release may constitute "forward-looking statements" made under the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the performance of Lighting Science Group and its products and/or use terminology such as "anticipate," "assume," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "goal," "intend," "plan," "project," "seek," "target," "soon," "will," "first of many" and variations of such words and similar expressions. Such statements reflect the current view of Lighting Science Group with respect to future events and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these statements. In evaluating these statements, you should carefully review the risk factors detailed under "Risk Factors" in our most recent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission that may cause our actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements.
The degree of difficulty involved in managing the MR16's d6iscreet size and internal power supply and the intense requirements for brightness of a 50-watt equivalent renders its design and manufacture a complex challenge. Competitive attempts at reaching these high levels of performance have resulted in concessions that have been viewed as unacceptable to the market. No such sacrifice is required with the Definity MR16 HO Series.
At only 8 watts and a 25,000 hour life rating, Lighting Science Group's new DEFINITY(TM) MR16 HO LED light is up to 33% more efficient than competitive products while staying within the industry accepted form factor and not using any moving parts like fans to achieve its superior performance. "A commitment to superior technology underwrites all Lighting Science Group operations; that's why our customers can rest assured that they're offered the most advanced and widest selection of LED lighting products," said Jim Haworth, chairman and chief executive officer of the Company. "We believe that our new MR16 HO, which couples unparalleled efficiency and incredible performance, is a significant advancement in the science of light and another step forward in the development of a more efficient, sustainable and brighter energy future."
The new bulb joins the Company's suite of products that have found applications ranging from use in NASA outer space ventures; to artistic designs that span skyscraper silhouettes; to everyday, practical implementations for American homes and businesses that save families and business owners significant amounts of money on electricity bills. On the global stage, Lighting Science Group has become synonymous with the ultra-efficient lighting revolution, and at home the Company is most commonly viewed as the fulfillment of America's clean technology promise.
To find your nearest sales location for Lighting Science Group's DEFINITY(TM) bulbs, visit: www.lsgc.com .
About Lighting Science Group Lighting Science Group Corporation LSCG +2.86% designs, develops, manufactures and markets LED lighting solutions that are environmentally friendlier and more energy efficient than traditional lighting products. Lighting Science Group offers retrofit LED lamps in form factors that match those of traditional lamps or bulbs and LED luminaires designed for a range of applications including public and private infrastructure for both indoor and outdoor use. Lighting Science Group's Advanced Projects Group business unit designs, develops and manufactures custom LED lighting solutions for architectural and artistic projects. Lighting Science Group is headquartered in Satellite Beach, Florida; the Company's European operations are based in Middelburg, The Netherlands; and the Company has a sales office in Sydney, Australia. Lighting Science Group employs approximately 1000 workers building lighting products from domestic and imported parts. Lighting Science Group is a Pegasus Capital Advisors portfolio company. More information about Lighting Science Group is available at www.lsgc.com .
Forward Looking Statement. Certain statements in this press release may constitute "forward-looking statements" made under the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the performance of Lighting Science Group and its products and/or use terminology such as "anticipate," "assume," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "goal," "intend," "plan," "project," "seek," "target," "soon," "will," "first of many" and variations of such words and similar expressions. Such statements reflect the current view of Lighting Science Group with respect to future events and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these statements. In evaluating these statements, you should carefully review the risk factors detailed under "Risk Factors" in our most recent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission that may cause our actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements.
How Much Would You Pay for a Light Bulb?
On Tuesday, I stopped at a local hardware store to buy a new light bulb for our outdoor motion lights above our garage doors. The fixture has two bulbs, but only one has been lit. I figure I’m saving energy if we don’t have to keep both lighted.
I picked out a General Electric LED flood lights with a spiral interior that uses 26 watts and cost about $7. It’s guaranteed to last six years. It has an Energy Star rating and supposedly will save $64 over its lifetime compared to using four 90-watt Halogen bulbs.
OK, but it contains mercury, and the package listed a website for details about proper disposal. Besides, it doesn’t give off much light, though it supposedly turns brighter after a brief warm-up. Typically, the floodlight is only on a short time. I might have to buy a second bulb for the other socket. I’d still be further ahead, however, than paying the energy costs for two traditional bulbs.
Later Tuesday I read an Associated Press story about a new “amazing” light bulb. It will go on sale Sunday, Earth Day, at Home Depot and other outlets. The bulb won a $10 million government contest.
The cost of components, including chips,LED panel light or diodes, that give off the light makes it pricey. Commercial customers will pay $60, but the maker, Philips, will discount it to $50 for consumers. Philips also is working on deals with utilities to discount it further, by as much as $20 or $30, the story said.
This LED bulb uses just 10 watts, meaning it saves about $8 per year in electricity if it’s used four hours per day, the story said. It’s expected to last 20 years—or 30 times longer than an incandescent.
I picked out a General Electric LED flood lights with a spiral interior that uses 26 watts and cost about $7. It’s guaranteed to last six years. It has an Energy Star rating and supposedly will save $64 over its lifetime compared to using four 90-watt Halogen bulbs.
OK, but it contains mercury, and the package listed a website for details about proper disposal. Besides, it doesn’t give off much light, though it supposedly turns brighter after a brief warm-up. Typically, the floodlight is only on a short time. I might have to buy a second bulb for the other socket. I’d still be further ahead, however, than paying the energy costs for two traditional bulbs.
Later Tuesday I read an Associated Press story about a new “amazing” light bulb. It will go on sale Sunday, Earth Day, at Home Depot and other outlets. The bulb won a $10 million government contest.
The cost of components, including chips,LED panel light or diodes, that give off the light makes it pricey. Commercial customers will pay $60, but the maker, Philips, will discount it to $50 for consumers. Philips also is working on deals with utilities to discount it further, by as much as $20 or $30, the story said.
This LED bulb uses just 10 watts, meaning it saves about $8 per year in electricity if it’s used four hours per day, the story said. It’s expected to last 20 years—or 30 times longer than an incandescent.
Install a HID Kit in Halo Projector Headlights
An HID kit, or high intensity discharge kit,HID xenon kit, can vastly improve the function of your vehicle's aftermarket halo headlights. Halo headlights have a "ring" of light around the main light. This type of projector headlight focuses a beam of light onto the road so that you can see while driving at night. HID kits are available from most auto parts stores and aftermarket specialty shops (sometimes referred to as "speed shops"). When purchasing an HID kit for your vehicle, choose an HID bulb with a brightness between 8,000K and 10,000K for your halo projector headlights.
1
Open the hood of your vehicle and unplug the electrical connector from the back of your halo headlight ballast.
2
Plug the factory electrical plug into the HID kit's ballast.
3
Turn the halo halogen bulb counterclockwise and pull it out of the headlight assembly.
4
Align the tabs on the HID bulb with the notches cut in the halo headlight housing.
5
Press the HID bulb into the housing and turn it clockwise to lock it to the housing.
6
Plug the HID ballast into the back of the HID bulb.
1
Open the hood of your vehicle and unplug the electrical connector from the back of your halo headlight ballast.
2
Plug the factory electrical plug into the HID kit's ballast.
3
Turn the halo halogen bulb counterclockwise and pull it out of the headlight assembly.
4
Align the tabs on the HID bulb with the notches cut in the halo headlight housing.
5
Press the HID bulb into the housing and turn it clockwise to lock it to the housing.
6
Plug the HID ballast into the back of the HID bulb.
2012年4月16日星期一
A Devar LED Panel
Devar produces various panel meters that measure energy and translate it to various engineering values such as amps, candelas or temperature in Kelvin. This allows for the easy translation of units to working engineering models when planning for electrical needs, heat output and extensive networking. The loop-powered indicator draws all the energy from the LED lighting panel so it does not require an outside power source. It then converts the information to the programmed output method.
LED Light Panels
LED light panels utilize light-emitting diodes to provide illumination while requiring less electricity than other light bulbs. The process of lighting the diodes also emits less heat than a typical lighting configuration. This allows you to put LED panels in small spaces without raising energy costs, as you are not drawing excessive electricity for the light or for air conditioning to cool the area. Many production companies have taken to using LEDs in order to work more efficiently.
Loop Powered Indicator
The loop-powered indicator comes with various input controls so you can choose the one that works best with the LED panel you are using. While you can always change the output from the panel, it is easier to use the provided output format. The output connectors are all the same and the output conforms to standard engineering requirements. The indicators can measure different types of energy such as total process or transmitter processing.
Display Information
The machine shows the final information on the front display of the machine. The display is a 1/2-inch, six-character LED. The meter reads data from thermocouplers of all types. Some models hook directly to the thermocouple, not via an adaptor. You can set alarms on the meter at certain levels. The alarms allow you to determine at which levels you wish to be notified. This is particularly helpful if you cannot be near the meter when adjusting power or the LED light panels.
Optional AC Power
Some models have AC power options. This gives you the option to run power to the machine on its own if you plan to run the meter when not attached to the LED panels. These versions come with Amp relays as well, so you can monitor multiple panels simultaneously. The models with AC adaptors can also power the light panels, allowing you to measure the amount of light put out by the machine by varying the power to the panel. This gives you additional information.
LED Light Panels
LED light panels utilize light-emitting diodes to provide illumination while requiring less electricity than other light bulbs. The process of lighting the diodes also emits less heat than a typical lighting configuration. This allows you to put LED panels in small spaces without raising energy costs, as you are not drawing excessive electricity for the light or for air conditioning to cool the area. Many production companies have taken to using LEDs in order to work more efficiently.
Loop Powered Indicator
The loop-powered indicator comes with various input controls so you can choose the one that works best with the LED panel you are using. While you can always change the output from the panel, it is easier to use the provided output format. The output connectors are all the same and the output conforms to standard engineering requirements. The indicators can measure different types of energy such as total process or transmitter processing.
Display Information
The machine shows the final information on the front display of the machine. The display is a 1/2-inch, six-character LED. The meter reads data from thermocouplers of all types. Some models hook directly to the thermocouple, not via an adaptor. You can set alarms on the meter at certain levels. The alarms allow you to determine at which levels you wish to be notified. This is particularly helpful if you cannot be near the meter when adjusting power or the LED light panels.
Optional AC Power
Some models have AC power options. This gives you the option to run power to the machine on its own if you plan to run the meter when not attached to the LED panels. These versions come with Amp relays as well, so you can monitor multiple panels simultaneously. The models with AC adaptors can also power the light panels, allowing you to measure the amount of light put out by the machine by varying the power to the panel. This gives you additional information.
How to Sale Motorcycle
Motorcycle buyers are passionate about their favorite brands and the lifestyle involved with motorcycle ownership. It may be difficult to give up your off road motorcycle because of all the positive memories you have about it, but that's what can help you sell it fast. The sale will come easily if you offer the bike at an reasonable price and let prospective owners know why you loved riding it.
Online Sites
Craigslist is the best online site to place a big-ticket item like a motorcycle because shipping costs can be prohibitively expensive. A site like eBay does, however, allow you to reach a national market. Make sure you include plenty of photos in your Internet advertisements. You must show prospective buyers every detail of the bike in your photos, especially if the customer is too far away to see it in person.
Seasonal Selling
Put your motorcycle up for sale when people are ready to ride. Spring and summer are the seasons to sell your motorcycle. Nobody wants to store a bike for several cold winter months before they can ride it. You'll get much more money if you wait until fair weather to sell. If you live in a place like Florida or California, your sales season is year-round.
Dealerships
You can sell your bike to a dealership or even just place an ad at a dealership for its customers to see. Dealerships tend to specialize in particular brands, so they might not allow you to advertise a competing brand at their store. Ask if they have a mechanism for placing ads and how much they charge for the space. Compare at least two different dealerships to get the best price possible.
Motorcycle Shops
Make a deal with local motorcycle shops to post your bike for sale in their store. Some will charge a fee, but many shops provide this as a courtesy service for potential customers. Motorcycle shops have a variety of street bike brands and models. Bike enthusiasts spend a lot of time in local shops to examine bikes and converse with fellow enthusiasts.
The Experience
It's an effective sales technique to sell buyers on the experience of riding the cub motorcycle. Detail for them the history of the particular street bike, including the places it's been and any of its heroic displays on the road. This is the time to brag about your experiences to help the buyer envision riding the street bike.
Online Sites
Craigslist is the best online site to place a big-ticket item like a motorcycle because shipping costs can be prohibitively expensive. A site like eBay does, however, allow you to reach a national market. Make sure you include plenty of photos in your Internet advertisements. You must show prospective buyers every detail of the bike in your photos, especially if the customer is too far away to see it in person.
Seasonal Selling
Put your motorcycle up for sale when people are ready to ride. Spring and summer are the seasons to sell your motorcycle. Nobody wants to store a bike for several cold winter months before they can ride it. You'll get much more money if you wait until fair weather to sell. If you live in a place like Florida or California, your sales season is year-round.
Dealerships
You can sell your bike to a dealership or even just place an ad at a dealership for its customers to see. Dealerships tend to specialize in particular brands, so they might not allow you to advertise a competing brand at their store. Ask if they have a mechanism for placing ads and how much they charge for the space. Compare at least two different dealerships to get the best price possible.
Motorcycle Shops
Make a deal with local motorcycle shops to post your bike for sale in their store. Some will charge a fee, but many shops provide this as a courtesy service for potential customers. Motorcycle shops have a variety of street bike brands and models. Bike enthusiasts spend a lot of time in local shops to examine bikes and converse with fellow enthusiasts.
The Experience
It's an effective sales technique to sell buyers on the experience of riding the cub motorcycle. Detail for them the history of the particular street bike, including the places it's been and any of its heroic displays on the road. This is the time to brag about your experiences to help the buyer envision riding the street bike.
Off Road Motorcycle Racing
Get your favorite off road motorcycle racing Photo.
If bug exists, please tell us (E-mail), we will fix it as soon as possible.
Thank you very much for your support!
Motorcycle racing (also called moto racing and bike racing) is a motorcycle sport of racing motorcycles. Major genres include road racing and off road racing, both either on circuits or open courses, and track racing. Other categories include hill climbs, drag racing and land speed record trials.
Main article: Superbike racing
Superbike racing is a category of motorcycle road racing that employs modified production motorcycles. Superbike racing motorcycles must have four stroke engines of between 800 cc and 1200 cc for twins, and between 750 cc and 1000 cc for four cylinder machines. The motorcycles must maintain the same profile as their roadgoing counterparts. The overall appearance, seen from the front, rear and sides, must correspond to that of the bike homologated for use on public roads.
If bug exists, please tell us (E-mail), we will fix it as soon as possible.
Thank you very much for your support!
Motorcycle racing (also called moto racing and bike racing) is a motorcycle sport of racing motorcycles. Major genres include road racing and off road racing, both either on circuits or open courses, and track racing. Other categories include hill climbs, drag racing and land speed record trials.
Main article: Superbike racing
Superbike racing is a category of motorcycle road racing that employs modified production motorcycles. Superbike racing motorcycles must have four stroke engines of between 800 cc and 1200 cc for twins, and between 750 cc and 1000 cc for four cylinder machines. The motorcycles must maintain the same profile as their roadgoing counterparts. The overall appearance, seen from the front, rear and sides, must correspond to that of the bike homologated for use on public roads.
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