The 555 timer integrated circuit (IC) is a versatile oscillator and general-purpose pulse source. Its dedicated control voltage input lets you use the 555 as a voltage-to-frequency converter. In this application, you configure the 555 as an oscillator (astable mode) and vary a voltage at the control input. This will change the frequency by +/- 25 percent around a center frequency ranging from minutes per cycle to 500 kilohertz. The 555 has good linearity of frequency control in this range.
1
Examine the 555's data sheet. In particular, look for application circuits that use the 555 as a free-running oscillator.
2
Determine the starting or nominal frequency at which you want the 555 to run. This is the frequency the 555 will produce with no control voltage. Frequency is determined by a timing network of two resistors and a capacitor.
You can calculate the frequency by the following formula:
f = 1.44 / (Ra + 2Rb) * C
Where f is the frequency converter in cycles per second, Ra and Rb are the ohm values of the two resistors in the timing network, and C is the timing capacitor value in farads.
3
Build a 555-based oscillator on the breadboard using the timing network calculated in step 2 and powered by the 10-volt DC supply. Use the application notes as a guide for connecting external parts and power to the 555. Connect a frequency counter's signal ground to the 555's power supply ground and the counter's signal input to the 555's output at pin 3. With the 555 circuit powered on, the counter should display a steady frequency.
4
Connect the variable DC supply's ground to the 10V supply ground. Set the variable supply to 5 volts and connect it to pin 5 of the 555. On the frequency counter, observe the effect varying the voltage between 5 and 9 volts has on the 555's frequency.
2012年4月19日星期四
Lighting Science Group
SATELLITE BEACH, Fla., April 17, 2012 /PRNewswire via COMTEX/ -- Lighting Science Group LSCG +2.86% , the world's premier LED lighting manufacturer, announced today the production launch of a revolutionary high output 8-watt LED MR16 bulb that is a direct replacement for traditional MR16 50-watt Halogen bulbs. Suited to a variety of applications that require directional lighting--such as track lighting, recessed ceiling lights, desk lamps, pendant fixtures and retail display lighting--the DEFINITY(TM) MR16 HO LED bulb will be the first of its kind introduced to the marketplace, and considered the best of its breed when evaluated by metrics of efficiency, lumen output and form factor.
The degree of difficulty involved in managing the MR16's d6iscreet size and internal power supply and the intense requirements for brightness of a 50-watt equivalent renders its design and manufacture a complex challenge. Competitive attempts at reaching these high levels of performance have resulted in concessions that have been viewed as unacceptable to the market. No such sacrifice is required with the Definity MR16 HO Series.
At only 8 watts and a 25,000 hour life rating, Lighting Science Group's new DEFINITY(TM) MR16 HO LED light is up to 33% more efficient than competitive products while staying within the industry accepted form factor and not using any moving parts like fans to achieve its superior performance. "A commitment to superior technology underwrites all Lighting Science Group operations; that's why our customers can rest assured that they're offered the most advanced and widest selection of LED lighting products," said Jim Haworth, chairman and chief executive officer of the Company. "We believe that our new MR16 HO, which couples unparalleled efficiency and incredible performance, is a significant advancement in the science of light and another step forward in the development of a more efficient, sustainable and brighter energy future."
The new bulb joins the Company's suite of products that have found applications ranging from use in NASA outer space ventures; to artistic designs that span skyscraper silhouettes; to everyday, practical implementations for American homes and businesses that save families and business owners significant amounts of money on electricity bills. On the global stage, Lighting Science Group has become synonymous with the ultra-efficient lighting revolution, and at home the Company is most commonly viewed as the fulfillment of America's clean technology promise.
To find your nearest sales location for Lighting Science Group's DEFINITY(TM) bulbs, visit: www.lsgc.com .
About Lighting Science Group Lighting Science Group Corporation LSCG +2.86% designs, develops, manufactures and markets LED lighting solutions that are environmentally friendlier and more energy efficient than traditional lighting products. Lighting Science Group offers retrofit LED lamps in form factors that match those of traditional lamps or bulbs and LED luminaires designed for a range of applications including public and private infrastructure for both indoor and outdoor use. Lighting Science Group's Advanced Projects Group business unit designs, develops and manufactures custom LED lighting solutions for architectural and artistic projects. Lighting Science Group is headquartered in Satellite Beach, Florida; the Company's European operations are based in Middelburg, The Netherlands; and the Company has a sales office in Sydney, Australia. Lighting Science Group employs approximately 1000 workers building lighting products from domestic and imported parts. Lighting Science Group is a Pegasus Capital Advisors portfolio company. More information about Lighting Science Group is available at www.lsgc.com .
Forward Looking Statement. Certain statements in this press release may constitute "forward-looking statements" made under the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the performance of Lighting Science Group and its products and/or use terminology such as "anticipate," "assume," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "goal," "intend," "plan," "project," "seek," "target," "soon," "will," "first of many" and variations of such words and similar expressions. Such statements reflect the current view of Lighting Science Group with respect to future events and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these statements. In evaluating these statements, you should carefully review the risk factors detailed under "Risk Factors" in our most recent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission that may cause our actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements.
The degree of difficulty involved in managing the MR16's d6iscreet size and internal power supply and the intense requirements for brightness of a 50-watt equivalent renders its design and manufacture a complex challenge. Competitive attempts at reaching these high levels of performance have resulted in concessions that have been viewed as unacceptable to the market. No such sacrifice is required with the Definity MR16 HO Series.
At only 8 watts and a 25,000 hour life rating, Lighting Science Group's new DEFINITY(TM) MR16 HO LED light is up to 33% more efficient than competitive products while staying within the industry accepted form factor and not using any moving parts like fans to achieve its superior performance. "A commitment to superior technology underwrites all Lighting Science Group operations; that's why our customers can rest assured that they're offered the most advanced and widest selection of LED lighting products," said Jim Haworth, chairman and chief executive officer of the Company. "We believe that our new MR16 HO, which couples unparalleled efficiency and incredible performance, is a significant advancement in the science of light and another step forward in the development of a more efficient, sustainable and brighter energy future."
The new bulb joins the Company's suite of products that have found applications ranging from use in NASA outer space ventures; to artistic designs that span skyscraper silhouettes; to everyday, practical implementations for American homes and businesses that save families and business owners significant amounts of money on electricity bills. On the global stage, Lighting Science Group has become synonymous with the ultra-efficient lighting revolution, and at home the Company is most commonly viewed as the fulfillment of America's clean technology promise.
To find your nearest sales location for Lighting Science Group's DEFINITY(TM) bulbs, visit: www.lsgc.com .
About Lighting Science Group Lighting Science Group Corporation LSCG +2.86% designs, develops, manufactures and markets LED lighting solutions that are environmentally friendlier and more energy efficient than traditional lighting products. Lighting Science Group offers retrofit LED lamps in form factors that match those of traditional lamps or bulbs and LED luminaires designed for a range of applications including public and private infrastructure for both indoor and outdoor use. Lighting Science Group's Advanced Projects Group business unit designs, develops and manufactures custom LED lighting solutions for architectural and artistic projects. Lighting Science Group is headquartered in Satellite Beach, Florida; the Company's European operations are based in Middelburg, The Netherlands; and the Company has a sales office in Sydney, Australia. Lighting Science Group employs approximately 1000 workers building lighting products from domestic and imported parts. Lighting Science Group is a Pegasus Capital Advisors portfolio company. More information about Lighting Science Group is available at www.lsgc.com .
Forward Looking Statement. Certain statements in this press release may constitute "forward-looking statements" made under the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the performance of Lighting Science Group and its products and/or use terminology such as "anticipate," "assume," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "goal," "intend," "plan," "project," "seek," "target," "soon," "will," "first of many" and variations of such words and similar expressions. Such statements reflect the current view of Lighting Science Group with respect to future events and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these statements. In evaluating these statements, you should carefully review the risk factors detailed under "Risk Factors" in our most recent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission that may cause our actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements.
How Much Would You Pay for a Light Bulb?
On Tuesday, I stopped at a local hardware store to buy a new light bulb for our outdoor motion lights above our garage doors. The fixture has two bulbs, but only one has been lit. I figure I’m saving energy if we don’t have to keep both lighted.
I picked out a General Electric LED flood lights with a spiral interior that uses 26 watts and cost about $7. It’s guaranteed to last six years. It has an Energy Star rating and supposedly will save $64 over its lifetime compared to using four 90-watt Halogen bulbs.
OK, but it contains mercury, and the package listed a website for details about proper disposal. Besides, it doesn’t give off much light, though it supposedly turns brighter after a brief warm-up. Typically, the floodlight is only on a short time. I might have to buy a second bulb for the other socket. I’d still be further ahead, however, than paying the energy costs for two traditional bulbs.
Later Tuesday I read an Associated Press story about a new “amazing” light bulb. It will go on sale Sunday, Earth Day, at Home Depot and other outlets. The bulb won a $10 million government contest.
The cost of components, including chips,LED panel light or diodes, that give off the light makes it pricey. Commercial customers will pay $60, but the maker, Philips, will discount it to $50 for consumers. Philips also is working on deals with utilities to discount it further, by as much as $20 or $30, the story said.
This LED bulb uses just 10 watts, meaning it saves about $8 per year in electricity if it’s used four hours per day, the story said. It’s expected to last 20 years—or 30 times longer than an incandescent.
I picked out a General Electric LED flood lights with a spiral interior that uses 26 watts and cost about $7. It’s guaranteed to last six years. It has an Energy Star rating and supposedly will save $64 over its lifetime compared to using four 90-watt Halogen bulbs.
OK, but it contains mercury, and the package listed a website for details about proper disposal. Besides, it doesn’t give off much light, though it supposedly turns brighter after a brief warm-up. Typically, the floodlight is only on a short time. I might have to buy a second bulb for the other socket. I’d still be further ahead, however, than paying the energy costs for two traditional bulbs.
Later Tuesday I read an Associated Press story about a new “amazing” light bulb. It will go on sale Sunday, Earth Day, at Home Depot and other outlets. The bulb won a $10 million government contest.
The cost of components, including chips,LED panel light or diodes, that give off the light makes it pricey. Commercial customers will pay $60, but the maker, Philips, will discount it to $50 for consumers. Philips also is working on deals with utilities to discount it further, by as much as $20 or $30, the story said.
This LED bulb uses just 10 watts, meaning it saves about $8 per year in electricity if it’s used four hours per day, the story said. It’s expected to last 20 years—or 30 times longer than an incandescent.
Install a HID Kit in Halo Projector Headlights
An HID kit, or high intensity discharge kit,HID xenon kit, can vastly improve the function of your vehicle's aftermarket halo headlights. Halo headlights have a "ring" of light around the main light. This type of projector headlight focuses a beam of light onto the road so that you can see while driving at night. HID kits are available from most auto parts stores and aftermarket specialty shops (sometimes referred to as "speed shops"). When purchasing an HID kit for your vehicle, choose an HID bulb with a brightness between 8,000K and 10,000K for your halo projector headlights.
1
Open the hood of your vehicle and unplug the electrical connector from the back of your halo headlight ballast.
2
Plug the factory electrical plug into the HID kit's ballast.
3
Turn the halo halogen bulb counterclockwise and pull it out of the headlight assembly.
4
Align the tabs on the HID bulb with the notches cut in the halo headlight housing.
5
Press the HID bulb into the housing and turn it clockwise to lock it to the housing.
6
Plug the HID ballast into the back of the HID bulb.
1
Open the hood of your vehicle and unplug the electrical connector from the back of your halo headlight ballast.
2
Plug the factory electrical plug into the HID kit's ballast.
3
Turn the halo halogen bulb counterclockwise and pull it out of the headlight assembly.
4
Align the tabs on the HID bulb with the notches cut in the halo headlight housing.
5
Press the HID bulb into the housing and turn it clockwise to lock it to the housing.
6
Plug the HID ballast into the back of the HID bulb.
2012年4月16日星期一
A Devar LED Panel
Devar produces various panel meters that measure energy and translate it to various engineering values such as amps, candelas or temperature in Kelvin. This allows for the easy translation of units to working engineering models when planning for electrical needs, heat output and extensive networking. The loop-powered indicator draws all the energy from the LED lighting panel so it does not require an outside power source. It then converts the information to the programmed output method.
LED Light Panels
LED light panels utilize light-emitting diodes to provide illumination while requiring less electricity than other light bulbs. The process of lighting the diodes also emits less heat than a typical lighting configuration. This allows you to put LED panels in small spaces without raising energy costs, as you are not drawing excessive electricity for the light or for air conditioning to cool the area. Many production companies have taken to using LEDs in order to work more efficiently.
Loop Powered Indicator
The loop-powered indicator comes with various input controls so you can choose the one that works best with the LED panel you are using. While you can always change the output from the panel, it is easier to use the provided output format. The output connectors are all the same and the output conforms to standard engineering requirements. The indicators can measure different types of energy such as total process or transmitter processing.
Display Information
The machine shows the final information on the front display of the machine. The display is a 1/2-inch, six-character LED. The meter reads data from thermocouplers of all types. Some models hook directly to the thermocouple, not via an adaptor. You can set alarms on the meter at certain levels. The alarms allow you to determine at which levels you wish to be notified. This is particularly helpful if you cannot be near the meter when adjusting power or the LED light panels.
Optional AC Power
Some models have AC power options. This gives you the option to run power to the machine on its own if you plan to run the meter when not attached to the LED panels. These versions come with Amp relays as well, so you can monitor multiple panels simultaneously. The models with AC adaptors can also power the light panels, allowing you to measure the amount of light put out by the machine by varying the power to the panel. This gives you additional information.
LED Light Panels
LED light panels utilize light-emitting diodes to provide illumination while requiring less electricity than other light bulbs. The process of lighting the diodes also emits less heat than a typical lighting configuration. This allows you to put LED panels in small spaces without raising energy costs, as you are not drawing excessive electricity for the light or for air conditioning to cool the area. Many production companies have taken to using LEDs in order to work more efficiently.
Loop Powered Indicator
The loop-powered indicator comes with various input controls so you can choose the one that works best with the LED panel you are using. While you can always change the output from the panel, it is easier to use the provided output format. The output connectors are all the same and the output conforms to standard engineering requirements. The indicators can measure different types of energy such as total process or transmitter processing.
Display Information
The machine shows the final information on the front display of the machine. The display is a 1/2-inch, six-character LED. The meter reads data from thermocouplers of all types. Some models hook directly to the thermocouple, not via an adaptor. You can set alarms on the meter at certain levels. The alarms allow you to determine at which levels you wish to be notified. This is particularly helpful if you cannot be near the meter when adjusting power or the LED light panels.
Optional AC Power
Some models have AC power options. This gives you the option to run power to the machine on its own if you plan to run the meter when not attached to the LED panels. These versions come with Amp relays as well, so you can monitor multiple panels simultaneously. The models with AC adaptors can also power the light panels, allowing you to measure the amount of light put out by the machine by varying the power to the panel. This gives you additional information.
How to Sale Motorcycle
Motorcycle buyers are passionate about their favorite brands and the lifestyle involved with motorcycle ownership. It may be difficult to give up your off road motorcycle because of all the positive memories you have about it, but that's what can help you sell it fast. The sale will come easily if you offer the bike at an reasonable price and let prospective owners know why you loved riding it.
Online Sites
Craigslist is the best online site to place a big-ticket item like a motorcycle because shipping costs can be prohibitively expensive. A site like eBay does, however, allow you to reach a national market. Make sure you include plenty of photos in your Internet advertisements. You must show prospective buyers every detail of the bike in your photos, especially if the customer is too far away to see it in person.
Seasonal Selling
Put your motorcycle up for sale when people are ready to ride. Spring and summer are the seasons to sell your motorcycle. Nobody wants to store a bike for several cold winter months before they can ride it. You'll get much more money if you wait until fair weather to sell. If you live in a place like Florida or California, your sales season is year-round.
Dealerships
You can sell your bike to a dealership or even just place an ad at a dealership for its customers to see. Dealerships tend to specialize in particular brands, so they might not allow you to advertise a competing brand at their store. Ask if they have a mechanism for placing ads and how much they charge for the space. Compare at least two different dealerships to get the best price possible.
Motorcycle Shops
Make a deal with local motorcycle shops to post your bike for sale in their store. Some will charge a fee, but many shops provide this as a courtesy service for potential customers. Motorcycle shops have a variety of street bike brands and models. Bike enthusiasts spend a lot of time in local shops to examine bikes and converse with fellow enthusiasts.
The Experience
It's an effective sales technique to sell buyers on the experience of riding the cub motorcycle. Detail for them the history of the particular street bike, including the places it's been and any of its heroic displays on the road. This is the time to brag about your experiences to help the buyer envision riding the street bike.
Online Sites
Craigslist is the best online site to place a big-ticket item like a motorcycle because shipping costs can be prohibitively expensive. A site like eBay does, however, allow you to reach a national market. Make sure you include plenty of photos in your Internet advertisements. You must show prospective buyers every detail of the bike in your photos, especially if the customer is too far away to see it in person.
Seasonal Selling
Put your motorcycle up for sale when people are ready to ride. Spring and summer are the seasons to sell your motorcycle. Nobody wants to store a bike for several cold winter months before they can ride it. You'll get much more money if you wait until fair weather to sell. If you live in a place like Florida or California, your sales season is year-round.
Dealerships
You can sell your bike to a dealership or even just place an ad at a dealership for its customers to see. Dealerships tend to specialize in particular brands, so they might not allow you to advertise a competing brand at their store. Ask if they have a mechanism for placing ads and how much they charge for the space. Compare at least two different dealerships to get the best price possible.
Motorcycle Shops
Make a deal with local motorcycle shops to post your bike for sale in their store. Some will charge a fee, but many shops provide this as a courtesy service for potential customers. Motorcycle shops have a variety of street bike brands and models. Bike enthusiasts spend a lot of time in local shops to examine bikes and converse with fellow enthusiasts.
The Experience
It's an effective sales technique to sell buyers on the experience of riding the cub motorcycle. Detail for them the history of the particular street bike, including the places it's been and any of its heroic displays on the road. This is the time to brag about your experiences to help the buyer envision riding the street bike.
Off Road Motorcycle Racing
Get your favorite off road motorcycle racing Photo.
If bug exists, please tell us (E-mail), we will fix it as soon as possible.
Thank you very much for your support!
Motorcycle racing (also called moto racing and bike racing) is a motorcycle sport of racing motorcycles. Major genres include road racing and off road racing, both either on circuits or open courses, and track racing. Other categories include hill climbs, drag racing and land speed record trials.
Main article: Superbike racing
Superbike racing is a category of motorcycle road racing that employs modified production motorcycles. Superbike racing motorcycles must have four stroke engines of between 800 cc and 1200 cc for twins, and between 750 cc and 1000 cc for four cylinder machines. The motorcycles must maintain the same profile as their roadgoing counterparts. The overall appearance, seen from the front, rear and sides, must correspond to that of the bike homologated for use on public roads.
If bug exists, please tell us (E-mail), we will fix it as soon as possible.
Thank you very much for your support!
Motorcycle racing (also called moto racing and bike racing) is a motorcycle sport of racing motorcycles. Major genres include road racing and off road racing, both either on circuits or open courses, and track racing. Other categories include hill climbs, drag racing and land speed record trials.
Main article: Superbike racing
Superbike racing is a category of motorcycle road racing that employs modified production motorcycles. Superbike racing motorcycles must have four stroke engines of between 800 cc and 1200 cc for twins, and between 750 cc and 1000 cc for four cylinder machines. The motorcycles must maintain the same profile as their roadgoing counterparts. The overall appearance, seen from the front, rear and sides, must correspond to that of the bike homologated for use on public roads.
2012年4月11日星期三
How to Fix a Leaking Ball Valve
A misaligned or old toilet ball valve, also known as a tank ball, may be the culprit in a toilet that constantly runs. This ball-shaped seal is what keeps water from running into the toilet when it is lowered and allows water to flow for flushing when opened. There is more than one cause for a leaky tank ball, and it is best to check thoroughly before buying replacement parts.
1
Remove lid from the toilet tank. Examine the tank ball and determine if it is seating correctly. Examine the wire that is attached to the guide arm on the overflow pipe.
2
Turn water off using the valve behind the toilet. Then, straighten the wire if it is bent and adjust the placement on the guide arm if necessary. The wire should be placed on the guide arm where it is lifted high enough to open the valve during a flush and lowered low enough to seal when finished.
3
Turn water off at the valve behind the toilet. Remove old ball valve assembly from the guide arm on the overflow pipe.
4
Slide the lower lift wire through the upper lift wire and its guide. Attach the upper lift wire to the guide arm.
5
Thread the tank ball onto the lower lift wire. It should be snug, but not over-tightened.
6
Align the ball over the drain seat, making sure the wire is vertical. Use the flush lever a couple of times to be sure everything fits properly.
7
Turn the water back on. Check for leaks, and make any necessary adjustments. If none are needed, the toilet is ready for use.
1
Remove lid from the toilet tank. Examine the tank ball and determine if it is seating correctly. Examine the wire that is attached to the guide arm on the overflow pipe.
2
Turn water off using the valve behind the toilet. Then, straighten the wire if it is bent and adjust the placement on the guide arm if necessary. The wire should be placed on the guide arm where it is lifted high enough to open the valve during a flush and lowered low enough to seal when finished.
3
Turn water off at the valve behind the toilet. Remove old ball valve assembly from the guide arm on the overflow pipe.
4
Slide the lower lift wire through the upper lift wire and its guide. Attach the upper lift wire to the guide arm.
5
Thread the tank ball onto the lower lift wire. It should be snug, but not over-tightened.
6
Align the ball over the drain seat, making sure the wire is vertical. Use the flush lever a couple of times to be sure everything fits properly.
7
Turn the water back on. Check for leaks, and make any necessary adjustments. If none are needed, the toilet is ready for use.
Some Types of Temporary Fencing
Temporary fences define property boundaries and provide security and safety. They designate property in various environments. Particularly, temporary fences mark boundaries and help control crowds at concerts, festivals, parades and other events. Farms use temporary fences to separate animals into groups.
Chain Link
Traditional temporary fencing makes use of chain-link panels or rolls of chain link, both of which have heavy bases. The wires of the chain run vertically and form zigzag patterns, enabling each one to hook to the next wire immediately. This forms the "diamond pattern" characteristic to this type of temporary fence.
Wire Mesh Fence
An alternative to chain-link fencing involves the use of wire mesh panels. This temporary fence material is simple in design, but secure with a lighter weight base. Mesh panels accommodate wheels, weights and other accessories, and can adapt to various environments.
Mesh panel fences come in a variety of colors. Compared to other fencing material, mesh panels withstand discoloration and distortion caused by natural and man-made elements. Wire mesh also weighs less than chain link. Therefore, mesh fences can be transported and installed by one person. Due to its manufacturing process, mesh panels have no sharp edges, unlike chain links. This reduces the chance of injuries.
Picket Fence
Picket fences sometimes are used to contain dogs. You can customize it by painting it. If building picket fences for dogs, do not leave gaps at the bottom by which small dogs can enter or leave the property.
Poultry Fences
Poultry fences come in rolls, ready to be installed. Also called chicken wire, these fences are easy to set up, adjust, and remove. Tools are not needed for installation. The fence also adapts to corners, curves and hills.
Chain Link
Traditional temporary fencing makes use of chain-link panels or rolls of chain link, both of which have heavy bases. The wires of the chain run vertically and form zigzag patterns, enabling each one to hook to the next wire immediately. This forms the "diamond pattern" characteristic to this type of temporary fence.
Wire Mesh Fence
An alternative to chain-link fencing involves the use of wire mesh panels. This temporary fence material is simple in design, but secure with a lighter weight base. Mesh panels accommodate wheels, weights and other accessories, and can adapt to various environments.
Mesh panel fences come in a variety of colors. Compared to other fencing material, mesh panels withstand discoloration and distortion caused by natural and man-made elements. Wire mesh also weighs less than chain link. Therefore, mesh fences can be transported and installed by one person. Due to its manufacturing process, mesh panels have no sharp edges, unlike chain links. This reduces the chance of injuries.
Picket Fence
Picket fences sometimes are used to contain dogs. You can customize it by painting it. If building picket fences for dogs, do not leave gaps at the bottom by which small dogs can enter or leave the property.
Poultry Fences
Poultry fences come in rolls, ready to be installed. Also called chicken wire, these fences are easy to set up, adjust, and remove. Tools are not needed for installation. The fence also adapts to corners, curves and hills.
How to Use a Coin Machine or a Coin Sorter
A 16-ounce container of coins can hold more than $28. A 1-gallon container of coins can hold more than $200. Converting these coins into paper money is much easier than trying to use them as coins. Using a Coin Machine can make the process of counting coins much easier. Some sorters are home electronic devices and others are commercial devices that charge a percent of the coins' value for converting the coins to paper money.
1
Sift through your coins to ensure that they are all of the same currency. The occasional coin from a different country can slip into circulation since most people only give coins a cursory glance. Most machines sort by weights specific to a set of currency, so running foreign coins through a sorter that isn't equipped to automatically sift them out, can cause problems.
2
Pile the coins into the sorter. Some machines can take bulk amounts of coins and sort many at a time, and others will require you to enter the coins one at a time. If your coin sorter is your own personal device, it is designed to sift the coins by type. It will have a separate reservoir for each category (quarters, dimes, nickels and pennies) into which the coins will be sorted. Once sorted into stacks, transfer the coins into coin wrappers. If it is a commercial machine, it will simply collect the coins and you won't have to wrap them.
3
Collect the value of the coins. Commercial machines may dispense cash or a cash voucher minus a fee for using the machine. The machine may allow you to forgo the fee if you choose to take the coins' value in gift certificates for various stores and online merchants. If you used a personal machine, you will need to take the wrapped coins to your bank for deposit into your account, or to exchange them for paper money.
1
Sift through your coins to ensure that they are all of the same currency. The occasional coin from a different country can slip into circulation since most people only give coins a cursory glance. Most machines sort by weights specific to a set of currency, so running foreign coins through a sorter that isn't equipped to automatically sift them out, can cause problems.
2
Pile the coins into the sorter. Some machines can take bulk amounts of coins and sort many at a time, and others will require you to enter the coins one at a time. If your coin sorter is your own personal device, it is designed to sift the coins by type. It will have a separate reservoir for each category (quarters, dimes, nickels and pennies) into which the coins will be sorted. Once sorted into stacks, transfer the coins into coin wrappers. If it is a commercial machine, it will simply collect the coins and you won't have to wrap them.
3
Collect the value of the coins. Commercial machines may dispense cash or a cash voucher minus a fee for using the machine. The machine may allow you to forgo the fee if you choose to take the coins' value in gift certificates for various stores and online merchants. If you used a personal machine, you will need to take the wrapped coins to your bank for deposit into your account, or to exchange them for paper money.
SAE Bolt Specifications
For nearly 100 years, the Society of Automotive Engineering has been instrumental in setting the design and engineering standards for fasteners. J429 is the SAE American standard specification for bolts and other externally threaded fasteners such as studs, screws and sems. The J429 bolt specification identifies bolts by a system of head markings. You can reference the bolt head markings for material, mechanical and strength specifications from charts found online or in SAE and Industrial Fasteners Institute handbooks.
Grade 1 & Grade 2 Hex Bolts
SAE J429 Grade 1 and Grade 2 bolt specifications cover 1/4- to 1 1/2-inch body diameter, low to medium carbon steel bolts. Their mechanical and strength properties, measured in pounds per square inch, and are found in the fastener mechanical properties for steel charts which can be viewed online or from the SAE handbook. Grade 1 and Grade 2 bolts have no head marking. They are equivalent in strength and mechanical properties to the American Society of Testing Materials A307 specification for Grades A & B bolts. Grade 1 and 2 bolts have the least strength and heat resistance properties of all the bolts within the SAE J429 specification.
Grade 5 Hex Bolts
SAE J429 Grade 5 bolt specifications cover bolts with 1/4- to 1 1/2-inch body diameter and made from medium carbon steel, quenched and tempered. Quenching and tempering are processes related to the heat treating of bolts for specific ductility and hardness values. Grade 5 bolts are stronger and have more heat tolerance than Grade 1 and 2 bolts. Proof load, tensile and yield strength values are found on the fastener mechanical properties for steel charts. Grade 5 bolts are marked by three equidistant lines beginning at the outer rim of the bolt's head to its center. Used for medium to heavy duty fastenings, Grade 5 bolts are equivalent to ASTM A449 bolts up to 1 1/2 inch body diameter.
Grade 5.2 Hex Bolts
SAE J429 Grade 5.2 bolts are marked by three equidistant lines beginning on the outer rim of the bolt head and meeting at its halfway point. Body diameter specifications are 1/4 to 1 inch. Grade 5.2 bolts are made from low carbon martensitic steel, quenched and tempered. They are not as durable and heat resistant as Grade 5 bolts because they are made from soft and ductile low carbon martensitic steel. Therefore, do not use Grade 5.2 bolts for an application that requires a Grade 5.
Grade 7 & 8 Hex Bolts
SAE J429 Grade 7 and 8 bolts are made from medium carbon high strength alloy steel, quenched and tempered. Used for automotive, structural and high temperature applications; they are the strongest and most heat resistant of all SAE graded bolts. Their mechanical and strength properties are found on the fastener mechanical properties for steel charts on fastener distributor and manufacturer's websites or in the SAE and IFI handbooks. Grade 7 and 8 bolts are marked with five and six equidistant lines, respectively, beginning from the rim of the bolt head to its center. Grade 8 bolts are equivalent to ASTM A354 Grade BD bolts.
Metric, Material, Hardness, Heat Treating
Besides US bolt standards, the SAE has standard J1199 for metric externally threaded fasteners. Metric bolt heads are marked with identifying numbers instead of lines. For example, a metric bolt with an 8.8 head marking is equivalent to a Grade 5, and a 10.9 marked metric bolt is equivalent to a Grade 8. Bolt hardness, material and heat treating standards and specifications can be found in the "Related Standards" section in the SAE Fastener Standards Manual.
Grade 1 & Grade 2 Hex Bolts
SAE J429 Grade 1 and Grade 2 bolt specifications cover 1/4- to 1 1/2-inch body diameter, low to medium carbon steel bolts. Their mechanical and strength properties, measured in pounds per square inch, and are found in the fastener mechanical properties for steel charts which can be viewed online or from the SAE handbook. Grade 1 and Grade 2 bolts have no head marking. They are equivalent in strength and mechanical properties to the American Society of Testing Materials A307 specification for Grades A & B bolts. Grade 1 and 2 bolts have the least strength and heat resistance properties of all the bolts within the SAE J429 specification.
Grade 5 Hex Bolts
SAE J429 Grade 5 bolt specifications cover bolts with 1/4- to 1 1/2-inch body diameter and made from medium carbon steel, quenched and tempered. Quenching and tempering are processes related to the heat treating of bolts for specific ductility and hardness values. Grade 5 bolts are stronger and have more heat tolerance than Grade 1 and 2 bolts. Proof load, tensile and yield strength values are found on the fastener mechanical properties for steel charts. Grade 5 bolts are marked by three equidistant lines beginning at the outer rim of the bolt's head to its center. Used for medium to heavy duty fastenings, Grade 5 bolts are equivalent to ASTM A449 bolts up to 1 1/2 inch body diameter.
Grade 5.2 Hex Bolts
SAE J429 Grade 5.2 bolts are marked by three equidistant lines beginning on the outer rim of the bolt head and meeting at its halfway point. Body diameter specifications are 1/4 to 1 inch. Grade 5.2 bolts are made from low carbon martensitic steel, quenched and tempered. They are not as durable and heat resistant as Grade 5 bolts because they are made from soft and ductile low carbon martensitic steel. Therefore, do not use Grade 5.2 bolts for an application that requires a Grade 5.
Grade 7 & 8 Hex Bolts
SAE J429 Grade 7 and 8 bolts are made from medium carbon high strength alloy steel, quenched and tempered. Used for automotive, structural and high temperature applications; they are the strongest and most heat resistant of all SAE graded bolts. Their mechanical and strength properties are found on the fastener mechanical properties for steel charts on fastener distributor and manufacturer's websites or in the SAE and IFI handbooks. Grade 7 and 8 bolts are marked with five and six equidistant lines, respectively, beginning from the rim of the bolt head to its center. Grade 8 bolts are equivalent to ASTM A354 Grade BD bolts.
Metric, Material, Hardness, Heat Treating
Besides US bolt standards, the SAE has standard J1199 for metric externally threaded fasteners. Metric bolt heads are marked with identifying numbers instead of lines. For example, a metric bolt with an 8.8 head marking is equivalent to a Grade 5, and a 10.9 marked metric bolt is equivalent to a Grade 8. Bolt hardness, material and heat treating standards and specifications can be found in the "Related Standards" section in the SAE Fastener Standards Manual.
How to Remove Orthodontic Braces
Orthodontists sometimes use dental braces to help bring a patient's teeth into alignment and create a more aesthetically-pleasing smile. Dental braces consist of small metal brackets cemented to each tooth and then connected with a wire. The wire is adjusted periodically to pull teeth in the proper direction. Most people wear braces for a year or longer before they are removed by an orthodontist. Removing dental braces is a fairly quick procedure that should only be performed by an orthodontist to prevent causing damage to teeth,dental instruments.
1
Remove the rubber bands that hold the connecting wire onto the metal brackets; remove the wire,orthodontic bracket.
2
Use dental pliers to gently squeeze each bracket and remove it from the tooth. The bracket will pop off the tooth without causing any pain, but the patient might experience a feeling of slight pressure. There will be some cement left on the teeth.
3
Use a dental scraper tool to gently remove any remaining cement from the teeth. Some orthodontists also use a polishing tool to remove remaining cement.
1
Remove the rubber bands that hold the connecting wire onto the metal brackets; remove the wire,orthodontic bracket.
2
Use dental pliers to gently squeeze each bracket and remove it from the tooth. The bracket will pop off the tooth without causing any pain, but the patient might experience a feeling of slight pressure. There will be some cement left on the teeth.
3
Use a dental scraper tool to gently remove any remaining cement from the teeth. Some orthodontists also use a polishing tool to remove remaining cement.
How to Sell Dental Instruments
Selling dental instruments involves describing and pitching a manufacturer’s products to dental practices. Dental sales is competitive and requires sales representatives to become the liaison between their companies and clients. Dental sales representatives in 2010 earned between $40,547 and $80,319, according to Payscale.com. These professionals must have a four-year college degree and complete training programs on a company’s products. Several steps can help you sell dental instruments successfully.
1
Study facts about the dental instruments you are selling. Your company will provide you with information during training. This training also will introduce to you ways to overcome customer objections and other barriers to making a sale.
2
Call dentists in your area who are potential clients of your dental-instrument manufacturing company. Target dental practice that use your particular products. For example, if your company manufactures items used for dental implants -- artificial tooth roots placed in the jaw to hold replacement teeth -- you should contact oral and maxillofacial surgeons or periodontists. If your company manufactures dental instruments used primarily for fillings, focus on general dentists.
Your company provides you with a list of dentists in your territory. You can find this information in a phone book or by visiting the American Dental Association website.
3
Visit potential customers. In dental sales, be prepared to travel most of the time. Give sample products to the office's receptionist and explain how your products will be useful to the dentist.
4
Explain to the dentist how your products work. Ask the dentist what his needs are and describe how your company’s instruments can meet those needs. During your presentation, explain why your prices are competitive and describe any special offers.
5
Follow up. Contact your potential customer by phone or in person at an agreed-upon date. Reiterate your products’ benefits and features. Explain that you will provide technical support once he or she makes a purchase.
1
Study facts about the dental instruments you are selling. Your company will provide you with information during training. This training also will introduce to you ways to overcome customer objections and other barriers to making a sale.
2
Call dentists in your area who are potential clients of your dental-instrument manufacturing company. Target dental practice that use your particular products. For example, if your company manufactures items used for dental implants -- artificial tooth roots placed in the jaw to hold replacement teeth -- you should contact oral and maxillofacial surgeons or periodontists. If your company manufactures dental instruments used primarily for fillings, focus on general dentists.
Your company provides you with a list of dentists in your territory. You can find this information in a phone book or by visiting the American Dental Association website.
3
Visit potential customers. In dental sales, be prepared to travel most of the time. Give sample products to the office's receptionist and explain how your products will be useful to the dentist.
4
Explain to the dentist how your products work. Ask the dentist what his needs are and describe how your company’s instruments can meet those needs. During your presentation, explain why your prices are competitive and describe any special offers.
5
Follow up. Contact your potential customer by phone or in person at an agreed-upon date. Reiterate your products’ benefits and features. Explain that you will provide technical support once he or she makes a purchase.
How to Convert Frequencies
Frequency measurements commonly occur in engineering and the physical sciences. A frequency value indicates how often a repeating event takes place. In scientific contexts, though, frequencies are typically used to describe waves, such as sound waves, light waves or electrical waves. The fundamental unit of frequency is the hertz (abbreviated Hz), which is sometimes known as "cycles per second." If a wave repeats itself once in a second, it has a frequency of 1 Hz. Certain situations, however, are easier to analyze if the frequency is expressed in different units or as a different (but related) quantity.
1
Multiply the frequency by 2 x pi (approximately 6.28) to convert frequency convert to angular frequency. Angular frequency has a unit of radians per second instead of cycles per second. In angular motion, one full cycle corresponds to 2pi radians (or 360 degrees), so angular frequency more clearly describes the rotational motion of an object.
2
Divide 1 by the frequency to determine the period. This is called taking the "inverse" of the frequency. Whereas frequency tells you how many times an event happens in a second, the period tells you how long it takes to complete one event. The unit for period is seconds per cycle, usually shortened to just seconds. Period measurements are common in electronics because the period of a timing signal determines how long the device will operate in a certain way.
3
Divide the velocity of a wave by the frequency to determine the wavelength. Wavelengths are often used to describe electromagnetic waves -- like light-- in which case the formula becomes: wavelength = (speed of light) / (frequency). The wavelength tells you the physical distance between the beginning of one cycle and the beginning of the previous cycle.
4
Multiply the frequency by 60 to express the frequency in revolutions per minute (or RPM). Since there are 60 seconds in a minute, if a device completes 60 revolutions in one minute, it completes one revolution in one second, so 1 cycle per second = 60 revolutions per minute. The rotational motion of mechanical devices is commonly expressed in RPM.
1
Multiply the frequency by 2 x pi (approximately 6.28) to convert frequency convert to angular frequency. Angular frequency has a unit of radians per second instead of cycles per second. In angular motion, one full cycle corresponds to 2pi radians (or 360 degrees), so angular frequency more clearly describes the rotational motion of an object.
2
Divide 1 by the frequency to determine the period. This is called taking the "inverse" of the frequency. Whereas frequency tells you how many times an event happens in a second, the period tells you how long it takes to complete one event. The unit for period is seconds per cycle, usually shortened to just seconds. Period measurements are common in electronics because the period of a timing signal determines how long the device will operate in a certain way.
3
Divide the velocity of a wave by the frequency to determine the wavelength. Wavelengths are often used to describe electromagnetic waves -- like light-- in which case the formula becomes: wavelength = (speed of light) / (frequency). The wavelength tells you the physical distance between the beginning of one cycle and the beginning of the previous cycle.
4
Multiply the frequency by 60 to express the frequency in revolutions per minute (or RPM). Since there are 60 seconds in a minute, if a device completes 60 revolutions in one minute, it completes one revolution in one second, so 1 cycle per second = 60 revolutions per minute. The rotational motion of mechanical devices is commonly expressed in RPM.
How Does a Power Inverter Work?
Power Inverter Basics
Power inverters are devices that generate Alternating Current (AC) power at a particular frequency to power an AC electric motor. AC is power which switches constantly from negative to positive, and back again. This is in contrast to direct current or DC power, which always flows in the same direction. Power comes into houses and other buildings as AC with a set frequency--usually 60 hertz. The power changes direction from negative to positive, and back again 60 times a second. The speed of AC motors are controlled by the frequency of the power going into them. A power inverter allows an operator to change the frequency and adjust the speed of the off road motorcycle.
Making DC Power
There is no good way to turn one frequency of AC directly into another frequency inverter. Therefore, a power inverter must change the AC power into DC. It uses a device called a rectifier, powered by tiny electric one-way valves called diodes. The DC output has two wires, one which is always negative, and the other which is always positive. When the AC input flows in the positive direction, the diode attached to the positive wire allows electricity to flow through, while the diode attached to the negative wire closes off. When the AC input flows in the negative direction, the diode attached to the negative output allows electricity to flow through, while the positive diode closes off. All the negative current is shunted down the negative wire, and all the positive current is shunted down the positive one.
Generating a Signal
This DC power is then turned back into AC at the frequency desired. It flows into a high-speed digital circuit. This circuit has switches which can turn on and off thousands of times every second. Depending on how many switches are on at a particular moment, the generator can output a voltage from the negative maximum to the positive maximum.
Stair Step Wave
Normal AC flows in sine waves - smooth, continuous curves from positive to negative, and back again. The power inverter creates an approximation of a sine wave called a stair-step wave. Each switch increases or decreases the voltage slightly. Together, they create a jagged wave, which is similar enough to a true sine wave to power the motor.
Power inverters are devices that generate Alternating Current (AC) power at a particular frequency to power an AC electric motor. AC is power which switches constantly from negative to positive, and back again. This is in contrast to direct current or DC power, which always flows in the same direction. Power comes into houses and other buildings as AC with a set frequency--usually 60 hertz. The power changes direction from negative to positive, and back again 60 times a second. The speed of AC motors are controlled by the frequency of the power going into them. A power inverter allows an operator to change the frequency and adjust the speed of the off road motorcycle.
Making DC Power
There is no good way to turn one frequency of AC directly into another frequency inverter. Therefore, a power inverter must change the AC power into DC. It uses a device called a rectifier, powered by tiny electric one-way valves called diodes. The DC output has two wires, one which is always negative, and the other which is always positive. When the AC input flows in the positive direction, the diode attached to the positive wire allows electricity to flow through, while the diode attached to the negative wire closes off. When the AC input flows in the negative direction, the diode attached to the negative output allows electricity to flow through, while the positive diode closes off. All the negative current is shunted down the negative wire, and all the positive current is shunted down the positive one.
Generating a Signal
This DC power is then turned back into AC at the frequency desired. It flows into a high-speed digital circuit. This circuit has switches which can turn on and off thousands of times every second. Depending on how many switches are on at a particular moment, the generator can output a voltage from the negative maximum to the positive maximum.
Stair Step Wave
Normal AC flows in sine waves - smooth, continuous curves from positive to negative, and back again. The power inverter creates an approximation of a sine wave called a stair-step wave. Each switch increases or decreases the voltage slightly. Together, they create a jagged wave, which is similar enough to a true sine wave to power the motor.
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